Structural Inequalities: Racial and ethnic discrimination frequently intersects with other types of social inequality, such as income gaps, limited access to healthcare and education, and housing segregation. These systemic inequities sustain and reinforce discrimination, resulting in differential outcomes and limited opportunities for underrepresented groups.

Hate Crimes and Prejudice: Acts of racial and ethnic discrimination can take the shape of hate crimes, hate speech, and prejudiced attitudes. The debate is on how to effectively combat such acts, protect individuals from racial and ethnic violence, and promote social harmony and understanding.

Affirmative Action and Positive Discrimination: The employment of affirmative action policies, which try to overcome historical and systematic disadvantages encountered by marginalized groups, is a point of contention. Some claim such regulations are vital to promote equality and overcome discrimination, while others argue that they may produce reverse discrimination or maintain racial or ethnic divisions.

Individuals or groups endure direct or indirect racial or ethnic discrimination, which violates the UDHR’s non-discrimination and equality standards. This can take many forms, including denial of equal access to employment, education, healthcare, housing, and public services. Hate crimes, racial profiling, and institutionalized bigotry also violate these values.

Efforts to combat racial and ethnic prejudice involve legal frameworks, governmental policies, education, and societal transformation. It entails opposing systematic racism, building inclusive societies, confronting prejudiced mindsets, enacting effective anti-discrimination laws and enforcement systems, and fostering intercultural communication and understanding.

While progress has been made in eliminating racial and ethnic discrimination, the persisting challenges underline the critical need to sustain the values of non-discrimination and equality to develop a more just and inclusive society.